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Reimagining Farmers as Partners: Leveraging Savings for Credit Risk Mitigation in the Agricultural Sector

Delivered on May 23, 2023 at the Agricultural Credit Policy Council event held at the PICC

Financial inclusion remains an essential factor for sustainable economic development, particularly in the realm of the agricultural sector. Having access to a broad range of financial services – which includes not only credit but also savings, insurance, and money transfer services – equips individuals with the necessary tools to weather financial shocks, invest in opportunities, and subsequently improve their livelihoods.

However, recent data reflects a concerning trend in this regard. Based on the Financial Inclusion Survey of 2021, the percentage of adults in the Philippines with savings sharply declined from 53% in 2019 to 37% in 2021. This dip may be partly attributable to the economic upheavals caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which could have led to reduced household income or increased medical expenses.

Moreover, the utility of savings accounts reflected a similar downturn. In 2019, 76% of account holders actively used their savings accounts, but by 2021, this figure had plunged to a mere 56%. In raw numbers, this decline signifies a decrease of approximately 9.7 million savers, from 38.6 million in 2019 to just 28.9 million in 2021.

Among the sectors most affected by this trend is agriculture, forestry, and fishery (AFF), which, despite making significant contributions to the economy, remains financially underprivileged. The 2021 Financial Inclusion Survey disclosed that only about 30% of the 2.3 million workers engaged in AFF reported having any form of savings. This indicates that less than half (only 30%) of our colleagues in the agri-fishery sector are saving or have savings.

Delving deeper into the data, we find that of those AFF workers who are saving, a mere 27.2% or around 191,000 are saving through formal channels. A significantly larger portion, 82.2% or approximately 577,000 individuals, are resorting to informal means. These statistics illustrate that the sector is severely lagging in formal savings, with a disproportionately higher percentage of informal savers compared to the overall population.

The need for comprehensive financial inclusion strategies

The substantial decrease in the number of savers, especially in the agricultural sector, is indeed disheartening. The trend underscores that simply providing appropriate savings products, while a vital step, is insufficient in addressing the larger issue. Comprehensive strategies that extend beyond the financial sector are required. This means initiatives designed not just to promote savings, but also to increase income, as these two factors are intrinsically linked.

To this end, the proactive role of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) in driving financial inclusion is highly commendable. The BSP’s initiatives towards fostering innovations in savings products design, collaborating with various government agencies to enhance financial services delivery, and launching a financial education strategy to increase financial literacy are all notable steps in the right direction. The ultimate goal of these interventions is to empower individuals with financial capability, which involves not just understanding but also effectively using financial services to improve their lives.

Interconnectivity

While significant strides have been made towards financial inclusion, certain challenges persist. Much of the innovation in the banking sector relies heavily on internet-based technologies. Yet, connectivity remains a significant hurdle in rural areas, where a large portion of the agricultural workforce resides. Additionally, the cost of owning a smartphone, which is often required to access digital financial services, is prohibitive for many farmers.

These challenges, however, are not insurmountable. One potential solution is to increase the presence of agency banking in areas where internet connectivity is weak. Agency banking, which involves non-bank retail outlets providing banking services, can help bridge the gap between the banking sector and the rural populace.

Furthermore, promoting the interoperability of savings products among strong cooperatives within the banking system could also be beneficial. A prime example is the Cebu People’s Multipurpose Cooperative (CBMPC), with its demonstrated capability in managing savings products and five decades of service. By aligning savings products across different financial institutions, we can foster a more inclusive and interconnected financial ecosystem that caters to the needs of the agricultural sector.

Savings product design for financial inclusion

The paradigm within financial institutions must shift from perceiving the economically disadvantaged as unable to save, to recognizing that they indeed can, given appropriate financial products. The importance of this shift becomes evident when considering institutions like the Cebu People’s Multipurpose Cooperative (CBMPC) and the Rural Bank of Solano (RBS), both of which have successfully demonstrated this principle.

Both CBMPC and RBS have designed their savings products with minimal opening and maintaining balances, thereby reducing barriers to entry for those with limited income. By adopting such an approach, these institutions have successfully extended financial services to the unbanked populace.

A distinctive characteristic of these institutions’ approach is the integration of financial education within their product offering. Recognizing that financial literacy is crucial for their clientele, CBMPC and RBS offer resources and programs to enhance understanding of savings and other financial concepts among their customers. This strategy does not only ensure the proper utilization of their products, but it also empowers their customers to make informed financial decisions.

Further reflecting the flexible and customer-centric nature of their product design, CBMPC and RBS allow savings to be used as collateral for loans. This system enables customers to access credit that might have been unattainable otherwise due to lack of traditional collateral. Importantly, the savings used as collateral remain accessible in times of emergencies, sickness, death, or disasters, further enhancing the financial security of their customers.

Credit extension at these institutions is linked with agricultural insurance. This approach mitigates the risk of loan default due to crop loss or other agricultural setbacks. It provides a safety net for both the farmers, who might otherwise be unable to repay loans after a poor harvest, and for the institution, which reduces its credit risk.

The experiences of CBMPC and RBS highlight the potential of well-designed savings products to promote financial inclusion and resilience among disadvantaged groups, such as the agri-fishery sector. By adopting a customer-centric approach, emphasizing financial education, and leveraging insurance and flexible collateral options, financial institutions can support their customers’ financial wellbeing while also managing their own risk.

Enhancing financial resilience in the agricultural sector through savings-secured loans

Savings-secured loans represent a significant innovation in the field of financial services, especially in terms of offering a lifeline in times of emergencies. The unique feature of these loans is that they use a customer’s savings as collateral, which allows the borrower to maintain access to these funds in times of urgent need.

In the agricultural sector, a unique set of financial challenges exist due to the cyclical nature of farming activities and the susceptibility to various risks such as weather, pests, and market fluctuations. Savings-secured loans offer a potential solution to these challenges and could significantly enhance the financial resilience of farmers.

One of the key advantages of savings-secured loans is that they enable farmers to use their savings as collateral. This feature allows them to access larger loans, or loans with more favorable terms, which may have been out of reach otherwise. Given the financial requirements of agricultural activities – significant initial outlays for seeds, fertilizers, equipment, and labor – access to substantial credit is essential. The use of savings as collateral bridges this gap, offering farmers the much-needed financial leverage at the start of the farming season.

For financial institutions, the use of savings as collateral significantly reduces credit risk. In the event a borrower defaults on the loan, the institution has recourse to recover its funds from the savings held as collateral. This safeguard makes the issuance of larger loans to farmers, who are often seen as high-risk borrowers due to the unpredictability of their income, a more viable option.

Beyond immediate financial needs, savings-secured loans also offer long-term benefits. They allow farmers, especially those who are economically disadvantaged, to build a credit history. A robust credit history can enhance their credibility as borrowers and increase their chances of accessing more substantial loans in the future, thereby enabling further growth and investment in their farming activities.

Savings-secured loans also incentivize borrowers to practice financial discipline. The necessity to repay loans promptly to regain access to their savings can motivate farmers to manage their funds wisely and maintain regular repayment schedules. This habit, in turn, fosters financial resilience and stability.

The inclusion of such flexible savings products in the offerings of financial institutions not only serves the customers by providing a financial buffer but also benefits the institution. It reduces the risk of loan default and encourages consistent use of financial services, thus leading to a sustainable and financially inclusive growth model.

From risky clients to partners in development

Farmers are often seen as high-risk clients by financial institutions. This perception arises from a combination of factors that affect farmers more than most other sectors:

Income volatility: The farming sector is subject to the volatility of agricultural input costs and the instability of produce prices, which may fluctuate due to factors beyond a farmer’s control.
Susceptibility to external shocks: Farmers are at the mercy of weather conditions, pest infestations, diseases, and market changes, all of which can drastically impact income.
Lack of collateral: Many farmers lack the necessary assets to pledge as collateral for loans, limiting their access to credit.
Lack of credit history: Many farmers have not previously accessed formal financial services, and therefore lack a credit history that would demonstrate their creditworthiness to potential lenders.
Limited financial capability: Farmers often have limited financial knowledge and skills, reducing their ability to effectively manage financial products and services.

Despite these challenges, it is essential to acknowledge the crucial role that farmers play in society and the economy. They contribute significantly to food security, a fundamental aspect of any nation’s stability. Additionally, the agricultural sector serves as an economic driver for growth, providing employment opportunities and contributing to GDP.

Therefore, financial institutions need to reassess their view of farmers. They should be seen as partners in development, rather than risky clients. This shift in perspective is crucial in driving inclusive growth and development, especially in economies heavily reliant on agriculture.

To make this partnership successful, financial institutions can adopt the following strategies:

Integrating appropriate financial products in credit extension: Products like crop insurance can help mitigate the financial risks associated with farming. Also, savings-secured loans, which use savings as collateral but allow withdrawals in emergencies, can provide farmers with the flexibility they need to manage their financial lives.
Providing financial education: Providing financial literacy programs can help farmers better understand and manage financial products and services, improving their financial capability and making them more reliable borrowers.
Extending government support: Collaboration with government agencies, especially in areas such as disaster risk reduction, can provide additional safeguards against the inherent risks associated with farming. This collaboration can also facilitate the delivery of financial services to the agricultural sector.

Government support

Active participation of the government in supporting farmers is crucial, especially in providing subsidies and assistance that the private sector may find challenging to cover. For instance, the government can step in to subsidize the cost of farming equipment, high-quality seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation facilities, to reduce the burden on farmers. The government can also subsidize crop insurance, which can serve as a safety net against the loss due to unpredictable events like natural calamities, pest infestations, or market fluctuations.

Furthermore, the government’s role is paramount in implementing disaster risk mitigation strategies and providing post-disaster relief and recovery support. This assistance can ensure the continued delivery of financial services to the agricultural sector, even in the face of adverse events. Such government interventions not only shield farmers from severe financial distress but also make farming a more viable and sustainable profession, encouraging economic growth and food security.

In sum, viewing farmers as partners in development necessitates a change in perspective from financial institutions, along with the provision of appropriate financial products and support mechanisms. This partnership not only promotes financial inclusion among farmers but also contributes to a more resilient and sustainable agricultural sector.

The Maharlika Investment Fund (MIF): A critical examination of the Philippines’ proposed sovereign wealth fund

Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) are state-owned investment funds that are used by countries to benefit their economies and citizens. They consist of various types of assets such as stocks, bonds, real estate, or other financial instruments, often derived from a nation’s surplus reserves.

The concept of SWFs originated in the mid-20th century, pioneered by countries with surplus revenues primarily from commodities like oil. For instance, the Kuwait Investment Authority, established in 1953, is often cited as the first SWF. Over time, many other countries

SWFs significantly contribute to economic stabilization. They invest surplus revenues, thereby providing a cushion against economic downturns. For instance, during periods of low oil prices, oil-rich countries can utilize their SWFs to balance any decrease in revenue.

It stands out for their long-term investment strategies. Unlike private investors who might focus on short-term gains, SWFs have the advantage of a long-term perspective, enabling them to undertake investments that, despite potential short-term risk or unprofitability, could yield substantial returns in the future.

SWFs can profoundly influence a nation’s strategic objectives. By channeling investments into specific sectors or industries, they can promote national priorities, such as infrastructure development, technological progress, or economic diversification. In practice, several oil-rich nations use their SWFs to invest in industries outside of oil, aiming to diversify their economies and reduce oil revenue dependency.

Different types of sovereign wealth funds

Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) can be classified into four primary types, each reflecting the specific economic goals and policy objectives of their respective countries. These include savings funds, stabilization funds, pension reserve funds, and strategic development SWFs.

Savings funds are designed to transform non-renewable assets, such as oil or minerals, into a diversified portfolio of international assets. These funds aim to conserve wealth for future generations once these non-renewable resources are depleted. For instance, the Government Pension Fund Global of Norway falls under this category, as it invests oil revenues to secure future generations’ welfare.

Stabilization funds are typically used to insulate the economy from commodity price volatility and other economic shocks. They collect surplus revenue during periods of high commodity prices and release funds into the budget during downturns to help stabilize government revenues and counteract economic cycles. An example is the Russian National Wealth Fund, established to support Russia’s pension system and balance the federal budget in times of oil price volatility.

Pension reserve funds are not sources of pension contributions but serve as a buffer to assist the funding of future pension liabilities. These funds are typically invested in a diversified portfolio of assets to generate a steady return over time. The Australian Future Fund is an example of a pension reserve fund.

Lastly, strategic development SWFs aim to fulfill specific domestic economic and policy objectives, such as developing certain sectors, promoting economic diversification, or increasing employment. These funds often invest in domestic industries and infrastructure. The Ireland Strategic Investment Fund, for instance, targets sectors that will deliver economic and employment benefits to Ireland.

How SWFs are funded

The funding sources for Sovereign Wealth Funds can be traced back to a variety of economic activities and reserves depending on the fund’s nature and the country’s economic structure. Common sources of funding include commodity exports, foreign exchange reserves, transfer of assets from other funds, and fiscal surpluses.

Commodity exports, particularly of oil and gas, are a significant source of funding for many SWFs. For countries rich in these resources, the revenues generated from their exports can result in significant budget surpluses, which are then channeled into their respective SWFs. Notable examples include the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority funded by oil exports, and the Government Pension Fund Global of Norway funded by oil and gas revenues.

Foreign exchange reserves are another crucial source of funding for SWFs. Countries with substantial foreign exchange reserves, often due to a large volume of exports or a significant influx of foreign direct investment, can allocate a portion of these reserves to establish or bolster their SWFs.

Some SWFs are also funded through the transfer of assets from other government funds or entities. For instance, an initial corpus for the fund might be sourced from a country’s central bank reserves or a public pension fund.

Lastly, fiscal surpluses arising from prudent economic management and strong economic growth can also be channeled into SWFs. Countries that consistently run budget surpluses may choose to invest these funds for future needs or economic stabilization. For example, Singapore’s Government Investment Corporation is funded in part by the country’s budget surpluses.

Countries with SWF best practices

‘Best practices’ in the context of Sovereign Wealth Funds usually refers to effective and ethical management practices that have proven successful across a range of funds. Some of these practices include establishing clear objectives for the fund, which can guide its investment strategy and help stakeholders understand its purpose. Implementing robust governance and operational frameworks is another key best practice. This involves having clear lines of responsibility and control, as well as efficient processes for decision-making and execution. Finally, transparency and accountability are crucial for maintaining public trust in SWFs. This can involve regular public reporting, independent audits, and strong oversight mechanisms.

Several countries are recognized for their adherence to best practices in the management of their SWFs. Among them, Norway, with its Government Pension Fund Global, is frequently lauded for its high transparency and robust governance structure. Singapore’s two SWFs, Temasek Holdings and GIC, are also acknowledged for their clear investment strategies, sound governance, and significant contribution to the country’s economy. Similarly, the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) in the United Arab Emirates, one of the largest SWFs in the world, is recognized for its diversified investment portfolio and prudent risk management strategies.

Norway’s Government Pension Fund Global, one of the largest sovereign wealth funds in the world, is primarily funded by the country’s oil revenues. The fund is intended to finance public pensions and prevent the Norwegian economy from overheating due to excessive spending of oil revenues. A standout aspect of the Norwegian fund is its high degree of transparency. It regularly publishes detailed reports about its operations and investments, and it’s known for its strict ethical investment guidelines, which prohibit investments in companies involved in activities such as tobacco production, certain types of weapons manufacturing, and severe environmental damage.

Singapore manages two sovereign wealth funds: Temasek Holdings and GIC. These funds are primarily funded by Singapore’s foreign reserves. Their overall goal is to strengthen Singapore’s economy and ensure the well-being of future generations. Temasek Holdings and GIC are renowned for their strong governance structures and clear investment strategies. They are recognized for their strategic investments in a variety of sectors, both domestically and internationally, contributing to the robustness of Singapore’s economy.

The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) is primarily funded by Abu Dhabi’s oil surplus. Its main objective is to diversify income sources away from oil and stabilize the economy. ADIA is known for its wide-ranging investment portfolio, which spans numerous sectors and asset classes across various countries. This diversified approach helps to spread risk and increases the potential for returns. Additionally, ADIA has a reputation for prudent risk management, which includes a thorough evaluation of potential investments and careful monitoring of its portfolio.

Advantages of SWFs

Sovereign Wealth Funds serve as an important mechanism for smoothing the impact of volatile commodity prices or trade surpluses, providing economic stability. For instance, when a country experiences a surge in oil prices, it can channel the extra revenue into its SWF. During times of lower prices or economic downturns, the country can use the SWF to compensate for the shortfall, thereby stabilizing the economy. Furthermore, SWFs allow countries to diversify their income sources by investing in various asset classes and industries across different countries, reducing the economic risk associated with over-reliance on a single volatile revenue source, such as oil in the case of many Middle Eastern countries.

As state-owned entities, SWFs can afford a longer-term investment horizon than most private investors. This long-term perspective provides SWFs with the advantage of investing in riskier or less liquid assets that may offer higher returns over a longer period, like infrastructure or private equity. Furthermore, their ability to remain patient and hold onto their investments during periods of market volatility allows them to benefit from long-term economic trends and potentially realize higher returns compared to short-term investments.

SWFs often invest in sectors that align with their country’s strategic objectives, promoting national development and growth. For instance, a SWF might invest in infrastructure projects, thereby facilitating economic development and job creation. In the case of technology or renewable energy, investments by SWFs can drive innovation and help transition the economy towards a more sustainable model. This alignment of investments with national goals is another crucial advantage of SWFs.

The concept of intergenerational equity is central to many SWFs, particularly those funded by revenue from depletable resources like oil. By setting aside and investing a portion of the income derived from these resources, SWFs can ensure that the wealth benefits future generations and not just the current populace. For example, the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global, one of the world’s largest SWFs, was established to invest the profits from Norway’s oil and gas resources, securing the welfare of future generations long after these resources are exhausted.

Disadvantages of SWFs

One significant concern surrounding Sovereign Wealth Funds is the potential for mismanagement and corruption. Especially in countries where transparency and oversight mechanisms are lacking, there is a risk that SWFs could be susceptible to such practices. For instance, there have been allegations of corruption and mismanagement in Malaysia’s 1MDB fund, where billions of dollars were reportedly misappropriated. In countries with weak institutional frameworks and regulatory oversight, the large amounts of money managed by SWFs can be prone to misuse, which could lead to significant economic and social implications.

Another disadvantage of SWFs is the potential concentration of economic power. With their enormous assets, SWFs have the ability to wield significant influence over markets and corporations, leading to concerns about market manipulation or exerting undue influence. For example, a large investment by a SWF in a particular sector could potentially distort market prices. Additionally, SWFs’ investments could have implications for national security, particularly when they invest in strategic industries of other countries.

Large-scale investments by SWFs, particularly in domestic markets, could potentially lead to economic overheating and asset price inflation. By pumping significant amounts of money into specific sectors or asset classes, SWFs could contribute to overvaluation, which can lead to asset bubbles and exacerbate economic instability. For instance, excessive investment in the real estate sector could drive up property prices, making housing unaffordable for many citizens and potentially leading to a property bubble. Thus, while SWFs can contribute to economic growth and stability, they also need to manage their investments carefully to avoid contributing to economic instability.

Controversies surrounding SWFs

Sovereign Wealth Funds are often criticized for a lack of transparency and opacity in their operations. For example, the Libyan Investment Authority (LIA) has faced several allegations and legal actions related to mismanagement and corruption due to its lack of transparency. Similarly, China’s Investment Corporation (CIC) has faced criticism over the lack of clarity surrounding its investment strategy and performance.

There is also the risk of political interference in SWFs. The Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF) has been viewed as a tool of state policy for geopolitical influence rather than an independent financial institution for profit maximization. Similarly, the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) has been closely tied to the ruling family, raising questions about its independence.

Large SWFs can also pose a risk to global financial stability. For instance, the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG) is one of the world’s largest SWFs and its investment decisions can have a significant impact on global markets. Similarly, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority (SAMA) controls a large SWF whose investments can significantly influence global financial markets.

The Proposed Maharlika Investment Fund of the Philippines

House Bill No. 6398, also known as the Maharlika Investment Fund (MIF) bill, was certified as urgent by President Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr. The bill’s primary aim is to stimulate economic activity and development in the Philippines through strategic and high-impact infrastructure projects, serving as a new growth catalyst.

The proposed Maharlika Investment Fund (MIF) is primarily intended to stimulate the economy in the face of downgraded global growth projections. This comes at a time when the world economy is dealing with several challenges, including debilitating inflation, fluctuating and unstable prices of crude oil and other fuel products due to the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia, and continuing interest rate hikes in the international financial sector. By supporting strategic and high-impact infrastructure projects, the MIF is envisioned to act as a new catalyst for growth, accelerating economic activity and development in the Philippines.

Maharlika Investment Corporation

The proposed Maharlika Investment Fund (MIF) will be managed by the Maharlika Investment Corp. (MIC). However, the management and governance of the MIF have come under scrutiny, particularly with the provisions in the Senate MIF bill that would allow foreigners to sit on the board of MIC. Critics, including Rep. Arlene Brosas, argue that this could lead to foreign control over local resources. There are also worries about the potential for “money laundering” due to the discretionary powers given to the Board of Directors, as voiced by Rep. France Castro.

President Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos has certified the Maharlika Investment Fund bill as urgent, expressing the need for a wealth fund to counter the impact of several economic challenges, including inflation, fluctuating oil prices, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and interest rate hikes. The president believes the fund could stimulate the economy by accelerating the implementation of large infrastructure projects. The urgent certification allows the bill to bypass the normal legislative process, which entails readings and deliberations on three separate days. As a result, the bill could be passed more quickly, but at the risk of lawmakers not having ample time to read and study the proposed measures.

Funding MIF

The proposed Maharlika Investment Fund (MIF) is expected to receive initial capital from major financial institutions such as the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP), the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP), and the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP). However, there are concerns that diverting funds from LBP and DBP to the MIF might affect the availability of funds for farmers and microenterprises, which are the primary clientele of these banks.

In addition, the Senate bill reintroduces pension funds such as the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS), Social Security System (SSS), and Pag-IBIG as potential investors in the MIF. It should be noted, however, that the participation of these pension funds is voluntary and not mandatory.

Moreover, the bill proposes annual contributions from the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) and other government-owned gaming operators to boost the fund’s capital. It should be noted that these are profits from gaming operations, and diverting them to the MIF could have implications for other sectors funded by these entities.

The MIF is expected to raise additional capital through an Initial Public Offering (IPO) on the Philippine Stock Exchange. This implies that the fund will be listed on the stock exchange and shares of the fund will be made available to the public. This move is intended to democratize access to the fund and encourage public participation in the fund’s growth and profits.

MIF concerns and criticisms

Senator Risa Hontiveros, a vocal critic of the Maharlika Investment Fund (MIF) bill, has expressed several concerns about its quick passage and potential implications. She pointed out the depletion of income from the Malampaya oil and gas fields and the yet-to-be-passed law aimed at boosting the government’s income from mining operations. She also warned against the use of highly profitable funds of government financial institutions like Land Bank and Development Bank of the Philippines, which she argues could negatively impact farmers and small businesses. Additionally, Hontiveros raised concerns about the potential risks of using Bangko Sentral funds, highlighting their role in safeguarding against peso depreciation, price increases, and loan interest rate hikes.

The Makabayan Bloc in the House of Representatives, a coalition of left-leaning legislators, has not been silent about their concerns surrounding the proposed Maharlika Investment Fund (MIF). A central theme of their criticism is the potential for the MIF to have transparency issues, given the amount of public funds it will manage and the potential for the fund to fall under the influence of political interests. They also questioned the necessity of creating a new fund, suggesting that existing national agencies could be restructured or optimized to fulfill similar goals. Additionally, the Bloc has expressed fears that the MIF might be used as a tool for political patronage, potentially leading to corruption as large sums of public funds could come under the control of a select few individuals.

Recommendations

The Maharlika Investment Fund (MIF), recently proposed in the Philippines, has stirred a mix of hope and concern among stakeholders. The MIF, designed to stimulate economic growth through strategic infrastructure projects, could serve as a new catalyst for development amidst global economic uncertainties. However, the proposed fund has been met with skepticism and criticism due to a variety of issues, such as concerns over governance, transparency, the source of funding, and the lack of clear investment guidelines. Despite these concerns, the bill has been certified as urgent by President Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr., signifying the need to kick-start this initiative for the economic future of the nation.

Strong governance structures should be at the heart of the Maharlika Investment Fund (MIF) and its managing entity, the Maharlika Investment Corporation (MIC). These structures should foster a culture of professionalism, transparency, and accountability while incorporating robust checks and balances to mitigate the potential for mismanagement or misuse of funds. This foundational recommendation, when well implemented, would pave the way for confidence, both domestically and internationally, in the operations of the MIF.

Enhanced transparency is a key necessity for the MIF, considering the high stakes involved and the significant public interest. The fund should be mandated to provide regular, comprehensive, and publicly accessible reports of its activities, investments, and returns. These transparency measures will serve as a deterrent against corruption and engender a sense of public trust and accountability in the fund’s management.

To alleviate concerns surrounding the source of funds, the MIF should primarily draw from the General Appropriations Act and contributions from the private sector. Existing financial institutions, such as the Land Bank, Development Bank of the Philippines, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, and the surplus of GOCCs, are already serving their respective mandates and may not possess the surplus funds to sustainably contribute to the MIF. Therefore, it’s crucial to diversify and clarify the fund’s financial structure to ensure its viability and reassure stakeholders.

Establishing clear investment guidelines is another critical step for the MIF. These guidelines should be detailed, aligning with the country’s overarching economic goals and sustainability principles. To ensure effective and timely execution, the MIF should ideally concentrate on a maximum of three specific investment areas per year. Such focus will minimize the risk of spreading resources too thinly and not being able to bring projects to completion.

The implementation of MIF should be gradual, allowing for continual refinements based on real-time learning and feedback. This cautious approach can help mitigate risks, manage unintended consequences, and increase the fund’s adaptability in a dynamic economic landscape.

The inclusion of regular external audits and oversight in the MIF’s operational structure can provide an additional layer of checks and balances. These audits should be carried out by reputable external entities and serve to reinforce good governance and transparency in the management of the fund.

Existing government institutions be strengthened to more effectively fulfill their mandates. This approach helps to avoid duplication of efforts and allows resources to be directed more efficiently. The MIF should refrain from investing in areas where other government institutions are already capable of delivering results, preventing redundancy and fostering greater efficiency in the allocation of public funds.

The establishment of the Maharlika Investment Fund (MIF) represents a significant and necessary step forward for the Philippine economy, particularly in the face of current economic challenges. This initiative, however, should be balanced with the implementation of robust safeguards to ensure the maintenance of financial stability and the protection of public interest.

Success of the MIF hinges on more than its mere establishment; prudent and transparent management is crucial. This fund will need to navigate a complex economic landscape while maintaining trust and demonstrating fiscal responsibility. A series of recommendations have been provided with this balance in mind, aimed at guiding the MIF towards achieving its economic goals and maintaining public trust.

The success of MIF will not only be a testament to its management’s acumen but also to the fund’s foundational principles of governance, transparency, and accountability. These guiding principles will be essential to ensuring that the MIF can effectively stimulate economic activity and development, whilst also safeguarding public interest and financial stability. This holistic approach to the MIF’s establishment and operation is fundamental to its ability to serve as a new catalyst for growth within the Philippines.

SEDPI at Opisina ni Senator Risa Hontiveros Nag-abot ng Tulong sa mga Nasalanta ng Bagyong Vicky

“Sagol nerbyos hadlok lagi kay basi manganaod kay paspas kaayo ang pag taas sa tubig og sulod kaayo.”

“Magkahalong nerbyos at takot dahil baka maanod kasi mabilis ang pagtaas ng tubig at pumapasok talaga.”

Ito ang naramdaman ni Roxanne Amigo habang rumaragasa ang baha na dala ng bagyong Vicky.

Kasama sa binaha at na-landslide ang mga residente ng Agusan del Sur at Surigao del Sur, kung saan mayroong microfinance operations ang SEDPI Development Finance, Inc.

Mula sa 10,000 SEDPI members, 1,884 ang apektado sa mga bayan ng Trento, Santa Josefa, Barobo, at Rosario sa Agusan del Sur at Lingig at Bislig sa Surigao del Sur. Dalawa ang inanod ng baha ang bahay. Isa naman ang na-landslide.

Agad nakapagbigay ng relief goods noong December 2020 ang SEDPI at ang Office ni Senator Risa Hontiveros sa nasalanta ng bagyong Vicky.

Hindi man madalas na mabagyo ang Mindanao, naging handa ang SEDPI sa pagtulong sa mga members dahil sa Social Welfare Protection Program (SWEPP) nito.

SWEPP ay ang hybrid microinsurance program ng SEDPI na pinagsasama ang “damayan” o pagtutulungan ng kapwa; formal life insurance mula sa CLIMBS Life and General Insurance Cooperative; at social safety nets mula sa gobyerno na binibigay ng SSS at Pag-IBIG Fund.

Maliban sa regular contributions sa SSS at Pag-IBIG, nagcocontribute ang mga members ng PhP360 every six months para ma-cover ng SWEPP.

Ang bahagi ng kontribusyon ay linalaan para sa “damayan”. Ginagamit ang naiambag ng mga members para tulungan ang kamember nila sa panahon ng kamatayan, pagkakasakit, sunog, o kalamidad.

Ito ang naging pondo para makabigay ng relief goods sa mga nabaha at dagdag na PhP5,000 sa tatlong na-wipe out ang bahay.

Bawat pack ng relief goods ay naglaman ng limang kilong bigas at ilang groceries na good for one week para sa pamilya na may limang miyembro.

“Naibsan ang pag-aalala ko dahil may makakain na kami kahit papano. Dumating ang aming pinapanalangin,” masayang nasabi ni Roxanne.

Naging malaking tulong ang donasyon na 134 sakong bigas na galing sa Liwanag at Lingap Program ng opisina ni Senator Risa Hontiveros.

Ang programang ito ay nagsimula noong bagyong Rolly bilang isang typhoon relief effort. Sinundan pa ito ng tulong sa mga apektado ng mga bagyong Ulysses at Vicky.

Mensahe ni Senator Risa Hontiveros, “Tuloy-tuloy ang pagpapadala natin ng Liwanag at Lingap sa mga kababayan nating naapektuhan ng kalamidad at nawalan ng kabuhayan. Umaasa akong sa munting paraan ay makatulong ang relief operations na ito para matugunan ang immediate needs gaya ng pagkain.”

Naging maganda ang pagtutulungan ng komunidad, SEDPI at ng opisina ni Senator Risa Hontiveros. Sa unang linggo matapos ang bagyo at baha ay nakatuon ang mga nasalanta sa pag-aayos sa kanilang mga bahay at gamit at hindi sa paghahanap ng kanilang makakain.

Ani ng Vince Rapisura, Presidente ng SEDPI, “Systemic and institutionalized safety nets talaga ang kailangan natin. Kailangan po talaga ay hindi lang yung sarili natin yung nag-eeffort pero nandyan ang private sector, nandyan ang public sector, nandyan ang community.”

SEDPI at Ambagan PH Tumulong sa mga Nasalanta ng Bagyong Vicky

Agad na nag-abot ng tulong ang SEDPI at Ambagan PH sa 1,884 na nasalanta ng bagyong Vicky sa Agusan del Sur at Surigao del Sur.

Matapos ang tuloy-tuloy na ulan na dulot ng bagyong Vicky sa Mindanao nagdulot ito ng pagbaha at landslide.

Kasama sa naapektuhan ay ang mga residente ng Agusan del Sur at Surigao del Sur, kung saan mayroong microfinance operations ang SEDPI Development Finance, Inc.

Bago pa mabagyo ang Mindanao, naging handa ang SEDPI sa pagtulong nito sa mga nasalanta dahil sa Social Welfare Protection Program (SWEPP).

SWEPP ay ang hybrid microinsurance program ng SEDPI na pinagsasama ang “damayan” o pagtutulungan ng kapwa; formal life insurance mula sa CLIMBS Life and General Insurance cooperative; at social safety nets mula sa gobyerno na binibigay ng SSS at Pag-IBIG Fund.

Maliban sa regular contributions sa SSS at Pag-IBIG, nagcocontribute ang mga members ng PhP360 every six months para ma-cover ng SWEPP.

Ang bahagi ng kontribusyon ay linalaan para sa “damayan”. Ginagamit ang naiambag ng mga members para tulungan ang kamember nila sa panahon ng kamatayan, pagkakasakit, sunog, o kalamidad.

Pondo mula sa SWEPP Damayan ang pinagkuhanan para sa relief goods sa mga nabaha at dagdag na PhP5,000 sa tatlong na-wipe out ang bahay.

Ani ng Vince Rapisura, Presidente ng SEDPI,“Ito ay isang patunay na ang mahihirap ay kaya nilang tulungan ang mga sarili nila kung merong maayos na sistema at hindi kinukurakot.”

Nadagdagan ang pondo para sa relief operation nung nag-donate ang Ambagan PH sa SEDPI Foundation, Inc. ng PhP20,000.

Ang Ambagan PH ay isang network ng volunteers at initiatives na nabuo para tumugon sa mga krisis, tulad ng bagyong Vicky. Donasyon at crowdsourcing ang pangunahing pinagmumulan ng kanila resources.

Sa karanasan nila mula ng October 2020 na-realize nila na, “Walang maliit o malaking ambag. Sa panahon ng krisis, lahat ng ambag ay dakila.”

Bawat pack ng relief goods na napamigay ng SEDPI at Ambagan PH ay naglaman ng limang kilong bigas at ilang groceries na good for one week para sa pamilya na may limang miyembro.

Pasalamat ng SEDPI member na si Dondon Ocsema, “Malaking tulong iyon para suportahan ang ilang araw na kakainin lalo na ilang araw akong hindi nakapamasada.”

Dahil meron na silang makakain para sa isang linggo mas nabigyang tuon ng mga nasalata, tulad ni Dondon, ang pag-aayos sa kanilang mga bahay at gamit.

Isa itong full-circle experience para kay Angelica Reyes o Anj na SEDPI Senior Program Officer at Co-Founder at Spokesperson din ng Ambagan PH.

Nagsimula ang 2020 nang mag-interview si Anj, kasama ang iba pang taga SEDPI, ng members sa Agusan del Sur at Surigao del Sur para malaman ang impact ng microfinance program.

Anj Reyes kasama ang ilang SEDPI members nung February 2020

Nagtapos ang taon na pinagtagpo ni Anj ang SEDPI at ang sinimulan niyang grupo na Ambagan PH para tumulong sa mga taong minsan ay nakadaupang-palad niya.

“Malaki ang pasasalamat ko sa SEDPI dahil marami sa organizational at administrative skills ko ay natutunan ko mula sa pagiging program officer ng SEDPI. Higit sa lahat, lalong napatibay ng SEDPI ang advocacy ko na makatulong sa kapwa.” – Angelica Reyes

Para sa mga gustong mag-ambag, pumunta lang sa facebook.com/ambaganph at i-click ang sign up link.

Microinsurance: Abot-kayang klase ng insurance

Pinaka-essence ng insurance ang pooling of risks over a large number of similar units such as households, persons or businesses. Inispread natin ang risk para yung financial loss ay hindi lang sa atin tatama.

Insurance should not be treated as an investment

Hindi dapat pinagkakakitaan ang insurance dahil hindi ito investment. Para itong bayanihan, you are protecting against financial loss. Hindi financial gain ang habol dito kundi protection from financial losses. Nagbibigay ng proteksyon ang insurance ng katumbas na halaga sakaling mawala ang isang bagay.

Ang insurance ay involved with exchanging the uncertain prospect of large losses for the certainty of small, regular premium payments. Nagbabayad ang maraming tao at pino-pool natin. Ibig sabihin, nagbabayad tayo ng malilit para kapag may tinamaang isa sa pool na ‘yon ay may matatanggap to compensate for the loss.

Sa mga pagkakataong may biglang mangyari sa‘yo na hindi maiiwasan, kahit paano ay makakatulong sa mga mahal mo na may pagkuhanan sila sa ganyang pagkakataon. Yan ang insurance. Sana malinaw na malinaw yan.

Microinsurance defined

Ang microinsurance ay nakapaloob sa batas natin under RA 10607, otherwise known as the Amended Insurance Code. Ito ang definition na nakapaloob sa ating batas. It meets the risk protection needs of the poor. Ang target nito ay iyong mga nasa laylayan, mga low-income households kaya micro ang tinatawag diyan.

Ayon sa batas, ang premiums, fees and charges ng microinsurance does not exceed 7.5% of the current daily minimum wage. Sa PhP570 na daily minimum wage dito sa NCR, PhP42.75 ang katumbas nito. Kung gagamitin ang 260 days na average number of annual working days, hindi dapat lalagpas sa PhP11,115 kada taon.

Ito ang sinasabi sa ating batas na mga benefits na makukuha sa microinsurance: ang guaranteed benefits should not exceed 1,000 times of the current daily minimum wage. Katumbas ito ng PhP570,000 kung gagamitin ang parehong rate sa itaas.

Microinsurance for OFW family members

Very relevant ang microinsurance sa mga OFWs, dahil ginagawa silang “insurance” ng mga kamag-anak dito sa Pilipinas. Puwedeng ikuha sila ng microinsurance para hindi mga OFWs ang gagawing insurance policy.

Mas mura kasi ito. Magbabayad ng maliit na premium ang OFW para icover ang kanilang family members. Kapag may nangyari sa kanila, yung insured amount ay makukuha ng mga beneficiaries mula sa insurance company. Mapuputol ang dependency of family members sa OFWs.

Microinsurance for protection

So, there mga besties, ito ang detalyadong discussion ng microinsurance. Laging tandaan na nag pagpaplano ng maaga ay isa sa pinakamagandang decision para kinabukasan mo at ng iyong mga mahal sa buhay.

Forms of insurance

May apat na forms ang insurance – formal, informal, public at hybrid.

Pooling of risks over a large number of similar units such as households, persons or businesses ang insurance. Inispread ang risk para ang financial loss ay hindi pasan lamang ng iisa kundi ng marami.

Formal insurance

Galing sa corporations and cooperatives ang formal insurance. Formal insurance ang tawag sa kanila dahil sila ay regulated ng Insurance Commission.

A cooperative is owned by members. Ang corporation on the other hand is a capitalist at profit-led. Mayroon ding Mutual Benefit Association (MBA) under formal insurance. Ito ay mga non-profit forms ng insurance companies sa Pilipinas.

Para sa akin, ang gusto ko talaga ay MBA o di kaya’y cooperative kasi hindi profit ang nauuna. Iyong kapakanan ng tao ang nangunguna.

Informal Insurance

“Damayan-based” scheme ang informal insurance. In Ilocano, damayan means “saranay”. Sa mga Bisaya, ito ay “dayong”. Sa mga Muslim brothers and sisters natin, ang tawag dito ay “takaful.”

Mahaba na talaga ang kasaysayan ng insurance dito sa Pilipinas. Dahil ingrained sa ating mga Pilipino ang damayan. Ginulo lang ito nga mga Westerners dahil ang ginawa nila itong for profit na siyang mas namamayagpag ngayon. Sa akin, ang insurance ay hindi dapat for profit.

Public Insurance

Idinagdag ko ito dahil ito ang mga social safety nets o social insurance schemes na ibinibigay ng gobyerno para sa atin. Examples nito ay ang mga insurance benefits – health, sickness, disability, unemployment, death etc. mula sa Pag-IBIG, PhilHealth at SSS.

Hybrid Insurance

Combination of both formal and informal forms ang hybrid insurance. Pinaghalo ang dalawa. May mga programa ding bukod sa formal at informal ay idinadagdag ang public insurance tulad ng Social Welfare Protection Program (SWEPP) ng SEDPI.

Kinds of insurance

Pooling of risks over a large number of similar units such as households, persons or businesses ang insurance. Pinaghahati-hatian ng maraming ang risks – tulad ng kamatayan, pagkakasakit, aksidente, kalamidad – para ang financial loss ay hindi pasan lamang ng iisa kundi ng marami tao.

Term insurance
Upon death of the insured, may benefits paid to beneficiaries ang term insurance. May matatanggap na benefit sa mga beneficiaries kapag namatay ang insured. Ibig sabihin nito, kailangang may mamamatay (yung insured) para may tatanggap nito. Gusto n’yo ba ang claim na ito? Siyempre hindi, di ba? Kung sa akin lang, gusto ko buhay ako! Pero yan ang reyalidad sa buhay na hindi maiwasan. That goes without saying, lahat tayo ay mamamatay. Mangyayari at mangyayari ‘yan, kaya dapat lang na paghandaan. Sino ba sa atin ang hindi mamamatay? Kung breadwinner at may mga dependents, dapat kumuha ng term insurance. Pero kung walang dependents, hindi kailangang kumuha ng life insurance.

Disability insurance Benefit paid to beneficiaries upon disability o pagkabaldado ang disability insurance. Ibinabayad sa mga beneficiaries kapag yung insured ay ma-disable. Again, ito ay para sa mga breadwinners at may mga dependents.

Credit Insurance
Kung may utang tapos, kumuha ng credit insurance para kapag namatay ay hindi maipapasa sa estate ang utang. Ang insurance company ang magbabayad ng utang mo, in case na may mangyari sa iyo. Kaming mga may-ari ng financial institution na nagpapautang sa mga micoenterprises ay ikinukuha naming sila ng credit life insurance. So that in case na may biglang mangyari sa kanila ay hindi na kami tatakbo pa sa mga naiwang kamag-anak na maningil sa utang ng yumao.

Crop Insurance
Protection for poor crop yields and natural disaster recovery ang crop insurance. Ito ay ibinibigay kung mayroong natural calamities o di kaya’y natural disasters na tatama sa mga magsasaka tulad ng bagyo, pagbaha, drought, peste at marami pang iba.

Health Insurance
Medical coverage for illness and injuries ang health insurance. Kapag naospital o di kaya ay inoperahan, ang health insurance ang magkocover ng mga gastos sa hospital.

Property Insurance
Protection para sa damage, destruction and theft of household assets ang property insurance. Kung nagmamay-ari ng sasakyan, bahay, inventory ng business o warehouse, puwede itong iinsure.

Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries in Sultan Kudarat Receive Millions Worth of Agri-Inputs from DAR – IARCDSP

Pandemic or not, farmers in Mindanao tirelessly till the soil. This is why the Department of Agrarian Reform, together with SEDPI, continue to work while majority of the population are on a standstill to bring the most awaited agri-input investments from the DAR – Italian Assistance to ARC Development Support Program (IARCDSP) to our farmers.

Five (5) Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries and Farmers Organizations in Sultan Kudarat received the first tranche of the promised agricultural inputs that shall kickstart their agricultural businesses supporting farmers in their Agrarian Reform Communities (ARC).

Josephine Balicaw, officer of Marguez United Irrigators Farmers Association (MUIFAI) in Pag-asa ARC, couldn’t help but shed tears when around PhP1.5M sacks worth of inputs were unloaded from a 10-wheeler truck and brought to what was once an empty warehouse. They have been preparing for this through the capacity interventions of SEDPI and now the moment has come for them to put theory into action.

Josephine Balicaw, third from left, together with other officers and members of Marguez United Irrigators Farmers Association in Pag-asa ARC.

In the same way, Noria Gapor, officer of Sigay Ka Tamontaka 4 Association (SKTFA) from Kutawato ARC, was reeling with disbelief when she was told that all the sacks were to be offloaded and not brought elsewhere. “Akala ko ilang sako lang para sa amin. Lahat pala!” (I thought we’re only getting a few sacks of inputs but we’re getting them all!), said Gapor.

It is quite an emotional experience as well for our farmers in Naldan Creek Irrigators Association (NCIA) in Lambayong ARC, Kalayaan Communal Irrigators Association (KCIA) in Lutayan ARC, and Taguisa Agrarian Reform Beneficiary Multi-Purpose Cooperative (TARBMPC) in Lebak ARC. For these ARBOs, now that the inputs are here, they will be able to provide farmer-friendly agri-input financing, farm machineries rental, and hauling services to fellow farmers in their community.

This is one of the foreign- assisted projects being implemented by the Department of Agrarian Reform and funded under the loan agreement executed with the Government of Italy. This project involves not only millions worth of agricultural inputs, farm machineries and equipment, hauling trucks, but also intensive capacity building training on microfinance management tools and monitoring & evaluation systems spearheaded by SEDPI.

There is a total of 35 Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries/Farmers Organizations involved in the DAR – IARCDSP Project covering Sarangani, Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao, and Lanao del Sur Provinces.

Challenges of investing in Bitcoin

Bitcoin is a digital currency that uses blockchain technology. It is located in a computer network, meaning it is only accessible through a network such as the Internet.

Bitcoin is unregulated

In the event of a grievance or dispute, there is no institution to turn to as the governing body of all transactions. The lack of centralized regulation means there is no way to verify legality of purchases or trades made online.

In January 2017, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas stated in BSP Circular 944 that it does not endorse Bitcoin as a legal tender. However, it provided guidelines for digital currencies. Although it did not outlaw digital currencies, it remained partial to the Philippines Peso.

Digital currencies holds promise in revolutionizing the banking system. However, the system still needs to undergo major changes.

Things to consider before investing in Bitcoin

When deciding whether to invest in Bitcoin, you need to consider the fact that no single institution or individual sets the price of Bitcoin. Traders – buyers and sellers of Bitcoin set the price or value of Bitcoin.

Central banks work to stabilize values because of the pervasive effects of currency changes. Unlike the Philippines Peso, the value of Bitcoin is not prevented from rising in value or dropping in value too quickly. The Bitcoin market sets the price based on trust.

Bitcoin wild swings

In January 2009 when the Bitcoin first came out, its value was virtually nothing. It first registered value a year later at approximately USD0.003.

Bitcoin was trading at USD750 in January 2017 and rose to its historic high of USD19,780 on December 17 in the same year. That’s a wild meteoric rise of 2,537% increase in value.

Bitcoin versus PHP

Currencies, such as Bitcoin and the Philippine peso, should be stable for it to be widely used. These should have the ability to provide confidence that the money they have could purchase a set value of goods and services over long periods of time.

One way to compare stability of a currency is to compare its exchange rate with another currency. The closer the change rate is to zero, means relative stability of the currency. Conversely, the farther the change rate to zero, means more volatility.

Let us compare the exchange rate of the Philippine peso and Bitcoin against the US dollar.

	December 2015	December 2020
PHP to USD	0.0210	0.0208
BTC to USD	419.0000	19,383.0000

In the past five years, from December 2015 to December 2020, the change in value of the peso against the US dollar is -0.96% of -1%. Bitcoin, in the same period had a change rate of approximately 4,526%!

Stability of Bitcoin versus Philippine peso

Let’s dig a little deeper and check the change on annual basis for the same five year period. The table below shows the actual exchange rate of the peso and Bitcoin to the US dollar in the past five years on an annual basis.

	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
PHP to USD	0.0210	0.0202	0.0200	0.0189	0.0197	0.0208
BTC to USD	419.0000	973.0000	1,2833.0000	3,729.0000	7,300.0000	19,383.0000

The table below summarizes the change rate of the peso and Bitcoin against the US dollar on an annual basis in the past five years. It clearly shows that the Philippine peso is far less volatile and is a far more stable currency compared to Bitcoin.

	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
% PHP to USD	-4%	-1%	-6%	4%	5%
% BTC to USD	132%	1,219%	-71%	96%	166%

Taking a look at the annual change rates of the two currencies, it is easy to see the stability of the fiat money compared to Bitcoin. Investors are more certain of the value of the Philippine Peso compared to the value of Bitcoin. Bitcoin is similar to a rollercoaster gone mad in its volatility.

Currencies should be stable

Because Bitcoin is so volatile, it promises high growth but it also poses the danger of slumping to extremely low values. For the typical person on the street, there is a need to be certain that the value of their money is retained throughout the years.

Furthermore, there is no certainty in how much an investor will receive from Bitcoin. Based on past data, an investor trading $1,000 into Philippine Pesos will receive between PhP45,000 and PhP50,000 in the next year. However, Bitcoin has no such certainty. On November 24, 2020, it was valued at PhP924,000. Two days later, it was valued at PhP821,000.

The certainty of fiat money can be projected into years whereas the volatility of digital currency means that days and even weeks can yield wildly different valuations. This makes it difficult to use Bitcoin for business and is part of the reason it has not been adopted into mainstream exchanges. Fiat money is more stable and predictable.

Bitcoin versus PSEI

The Bitcoin market is actually even more volatile than the stock market. Given Sir Vince’s strict guidelines for investing in the stock market, he poses even stricter guidelines for investing in Bitcoin.

The table below shows the volatility of the Philippine Stock Exchange Index (PSEI) with Bitcoin and the Philippine peso.

	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
% PHP to USD	-4%	-1%	-6%	4%	5%
% BTC to USD	132%	1,219%	-71%	96%	166%
PSEI	-2%	25%	-12%	3%	-8.%

Bitcoin is not an investment

Bitcoin should not be considered an investment. Rather, treat it as a currency or a medium of exchange. If you base your investments on the possibility of large payouts due to extreme volatility, you are engaging in speculation.

Speculation is not a valid investment strategy because it is considered as gambling.

Cryptocurrencies: Where does Bitcoin come from?

Should you be investing in Bitcoin? Will it sustain its massive gains? Is it safe to invest in it?

A lot of people have become curious about Bitcoin again since its perceived value is near historic highs the past month.

What is Bitcoin?

Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency. Other popular cryptocurrencies include Bitcoin Cash, Litecoin, Ethereum, Binance Coin, Tron, and many others. They have their own exchange rates and places where they can be traded or purchased.

The controversial cryptocurrency mysteriously came into being as an invention or “gift” from Satoshi Nakamoto, who released white papers detailing the rules of Bitcoin. However, the individual or institution known by that presumed alias has not come forward to claim credit and to this day remains anonymous.

To put the origin of cryptocurrencies into context, the 2008 global financial crisis revealed the ugly truth about our imperfect banking system – oppressive and inaccessible to the poor. Many noted that only the rich benefit from the banking system.

The average person receives cents when they make deposits into the bank, and the only people who have the ability to access those funds are the rich. Traditional banking system is intrinsically capitalistic — favors profit that benefit the top 1% of society.

This gave rise to cryptocurrencies that attempt to challenge the current banking system. They were established to address inequities in favor of a secure, democratic and efficient financial system.

Crypto versus fiat

When we refer to cryptocurrency, this is only one type of money. Currencies like coins and paper money, also called fiat currencies, are printed by the central bank of each country. These central banks create the rules for using their currency.

For the Philippines, the central bank is the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP). Other countries have their own versions and rules, such as the Federal Reserve in the United States; Reserve Bank of India; and the European Central Bank among others.

How does money gain value?

For example, the PhP100 bill costs about PhP3 to print, so why is it worth PhP100? That value is what we as a society have agreed on and trust to hold its value. We further trust that value because it was issued by the government and serves as its legal tender. It guarantees that the value of bills and coins are its face value rather than the amount spent to print it.

Role of central banks

Central banks determine how much money is in circulation and decides when to print and how many. All global currencies are guaranteed by their government as legal tender.

Because money issued by the government is guaranteed by the government, typically countries with stronger economies have more trusted central banks and have stronger currency value. Countries like Japan, Korea, U.S.A, as well as the United Kingdom, which are more developed, have “hard currencies.” In comparison, the Philippine Peso is not as strong (“soft currency”).

Central banks seek to stabilize the value of their currency. BSP doesn’t want the value of the Philippine Peso to be too volatile in either direction.

During the Asian financial crisis, the value of the peso devalued. The peso lost 45% and was devalued against the US dollar. It fell from PhP24.5 to PhP35.61 in a matter of two months. The worth of the money was essentially halved.

To avoid such volatility, central banks intervene in the market. They buy or sell currency in order to adjust the supply of money, which stabilizes exchange rates.

No central bank regulates Bitcoin

On the other hand, cryptocurrencies are decentralized. There is no governing body that regulates its prices and enforces its rules.

Cryptocurrencies are bought in peer-to-peer networks or exchanged. Theoretically, anybody could establish a digital currency so long as they have a peer-to-peer network. But whether or not the currency is trusted is another issue. The value of cryptocurrencies is agreed upon by those participating in the market.

The peer-to-peer network of cryptocurrencies is very similar to the Philippine Stock Exchange, or the stock market. There is a network specific to facilitating the exchange and purchase of each cryptocurrency.

Need for stability in Bitcoin

Rapid devaluation of currencies are avoided to establish trust and integrity among market players in the economy. Gradual increase and decrease in the value of a currency is preferred over wild swings which is a typical characteristic of cryptocurrencies.

Until Bitcoin reaches the trust level that would make it stable and immune to wild swings, its commercial use will be very limited. This will make it stuck as a speculative asset class that would go against its aim create a secure, democratic and efficient alternative financial system.